Talking the Tropics With Mike: Major hurricane Ian crosses Cuba... on to the SE Gulf w/ eye on Fl.

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Realize the forecast cone (”cone of uncertainty”) is the average forecast error over a given time - out to 5 days - & *does not* indicate the width of the storm &/or damage that might occur.

** FIRST ALERT! ** - Anyone living in - or traveling to - the Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico &/or the U.S. Gulf Coast should stay up to date on the latest forecast as Ian moves from the Caribbean to the Eastern Gulf of Mexico & then to Florida. A reminder to NOT focus too much on the exact landfall point or intensity forecast. **

One should be careful about determining the threat to life & property based on the category of the storm & whether or not Ian is weakening. Dangerous impacts are imminent for a good part of Fl. It’s possible that the storm surge will be a category or so higher than what one might expect &/or higher than is forecast (no other words, a Cat. 1 might have a Cat. 2 storm surge, etc.).

LOCAL - NORTHEAST FLORIDA/SOUTHEAST GEORGIA - POTENTIAL IMPACTS FROM IAN *BASED ON THE CURRENT FORECAST PATH*:

Tropical Storm WATCH & Storm Surge WATCH for the St. Johns River including downtown Jacksonville....& the coast & intracoastal of Duval, St. Johns, Nassau, Camden & Glynn Counties....tropical storm WATCH for inland NE Fl. counties of Duval, St. Johns, Clay, Putnam & Bradford Co.

* The exact timing & intensity of any & all Ian impacts for NE Fl./SE Ga. will be dependent on the exact location & strength of Ian in reference to Jacksonville & will, of course, be subject to change.

* Few if any direct impacts from Ian through at least Tue.... with the first rainfall - still not necessarily directly a result of Ian (enhanced by onshore flow) - arriving Wed. spreading slowly from south to north. Some areas north of I-10 may have little rainfall through at least Thursday morning.

* Potential rainfall: 4-8″... 10″+ for some areas. Heaviest along & south & east of a line from Brunswick to St. Marys to Bryceville to Macclenny to Lake Butler where a foot or more of rain may fall. Northwest of that line - Lake City to Baxter to Folkston to Waycross to Nahunta: 2-5″, locally 6″+.

Tropical moisture surging north combined with onshore winds (out of the east) ahead of Ian should begin to bring some showers, isolated t’storms from south to north through the day Wed. This will start to saturate the already wet ground across the area leading to flooding issues Thu./Fri. - in particular - as heavy Ian rain bands move across the area & potentially “train” across some areas. The saturated soil may also lead to trees being more easily uprooted by winds that otherwise may not be much of a problem. The local area has dried out some over the past 7-10 days but the very wet Aug./early Sept. has still left soils essentially saturated... + we’re coming off a week of higher than avg. tides partially due to the new moon cycle & astronomically higher than avg. tides, so there’s a good deal of water “in the system” that will be added to in the coming days. The winds out of the east will also help force more water into inlets, the intracoastal, streams & rivers. Flooding along the St. Johns River & its tributaries is likely as well.

We’ll have to keep a close eye on downtown Jacksonville as - given the current forecast & approach of Ian - strong southerly flow Thu. night through late Fri. may “pile up” water & overflow into parts of downtown... in addition to the heavy rain & high tidal departures. This situation is not exactly the same as Irma in 2017 but there are similarities. Those impacted by flooding during Irma in ‘17 should consider alternative shelter & beware of rapidly rising water at any time with the greatest threat from late Thu. through late Fri. into Fri. night.

* Storm surge is expected to average at least 2-4 feet at the coast & along the St. Johns River (for comparison, St. Johns River storm surge caused by Irma was 5-6 feet in downtown Jacksonville in Sept., 2017 & was 5-7+ feet during Matthew at the coast in Oct., 2016). It is possible - if everything (heavy rain, high tide, strong east winds) comes together at the wrong time - there *could* be record flooding in some areas.

* Seas & surf will increase through the week. Double digit breakers at local beaches can be expected Thu./Fri. with a very high rip current risk. Breakers at the beaches 4-5+ feet Wed... 7-10+ feet Thu... 6-9 feet Fri.... subsiding over the weekend.

* Gusty winds arrive by Thu./Fri. *At the moment* tropical storm force (39+ mph) sustained winds will be possible in some areas but not likely widespread with hurricane force (74+ mph) wind gusts possible for brief times. Strongest winds will occur west of Highway 301 as well as at the beaches & along waterways. Keep in mind that bridges are usually closed when sustained winds reach 40 mph but local officials may make “the call” at anytime depending on local conditions & forecasts.

* Isolated waterspouts & tornadoes can be expected Wed.-Fri.

* At least some power outages should be expected.

* Tuesday will be your last full day to get organized, check storm kits, prepare your yard & home for a storm, check & test (understand!) generators & top off gas tanks.

Atlantic Basin:

Tropical wave - ‘98-L’ that moved off of Africa last week is moving over the Southern Caribbean & Central Caribbean & was upgraded to tropical depression #9 Friday .... to tropical storm “Ian” Fri. evening... then to a hurricane early Mon. with a landfall over Western Cuba early Tue. as a Cat. 3 hurricane. This is a classic wave in that it formed from a complex of intense storms over Africa... encountered hostile conditions (shear & dry air) for days before finding more favorable conditions. Virtually all ingredients are in place for maintaining Ian’s intensity over the SE Gulf.

The global forecast models are coming into better agreement with the GFS & Europeans models essentially trending toward one another, & it’s a “meeting in the middle” that is the most likely ultimate outcome. The European operational model has again switched ideas & is now trending eastward, especially once to Florida. The GFS *has been* leading the charge so far on accuracy, especially as it relates to location & the longer westward movement the past several days, but we’re at the fork in the road now with the move over Cuba & into the Gulf. So while the forecast model disparity has narrowed, there is still wiggle room for some changes. The GFS has trended toward Tampa & now joins the European model pointing to the Fl. west coast a little either way of Tampa depending on the model run with the European a little more south & a faster (late Wed.) & the GFS a little later (early Thu.). Confidence is high that the west coast of Florida & very far eastern parts of the Panhandle will be hit by a strong hurricane Wed.-Thu. Friction from nearby land & increasing shear & dry air will bring Ian down from its peak intensity by late in the week while moving inland once near Tampa, but Ian will still be a powerful hurricane to & near the Florida coast with a widening wind field while moving through &/or across Fl.

One should be careful about determining the threat to life & property based on the category of the storm & whether or not Ian is weakening. Dangerous impacts are imminent for a good part of Fl. It’s possible that the storm surge will be a category or so higher than what one might expect - than the actual category of the storm - for parts of the Fl. west coast... & even other parts of Florida.

Both the GFS & European models are initializing well which is a positive... the GFS has been better on the more west & south track the last 3 days & currently. The GFS cannot & should not be ignored despite it’s extreme west solution during the middle of last week as the GFS was the model of choice on Fiona last week has generally been pretty consistent for the last 3-4 days or so. Once to Fl., the European is still more south, but the two models are pretty close now. So a major hit appears likely on the Fl. west coast with significant impacts for much of Florida at one time or another. Much of the Panhandle - especially the more west one goes - will be spared the worst. Storm surge into Tampa Bay is expected to be very significant based on the current forecast but *may* escape the worst if the eye stays at least a little south. The UKMET model has not been very good this season so far but, the model is now near the European solution on the Fl. landfall & timing - on the west/SW coast of Fl. - but weaker & - more than likely - much too weak... then takes Ian to the east coast of Fl. before turning northward near or just east of Jacksonville. The UKMET has recently become more consistent on this outcome - it’s something that cannot be completely ignored. But - again - either way Ian will have major impacts for almost all of the Fl. Peninsula the next few days.

The drier mid & upper level air will increase late this week closer to Fl. along with the increase in shear - this combination will hopefully - & should - drop Ian’s intensity from its peak over the Gulf & while moving inland. But do not let one’s guard down!

Steering currents to consider:

(1) model consistency & agreement is increasing. There are still question marks after landfall but even with that, it’s clear the west & SW coast of Fl. will be hit by a major hurricane that weakens while moving inland but still manages to produce very heavy rain & strong winds.

(2) there has been some “extra” ridging underneath - to the south of - once intense hurricane Fiona which is now long gone after having moved into Eastern Canada & the far NW Atlantic. This alone has likely helped the more westward track for the last few days. But the question is how much ridging will manage to build behind only recently departed Fiona as an upper level trough sweeps across the Eastern U.S. this week. The positioning of this trough + its exit to the east will help dictate the timing & angle of the turn north out of the Caribbean & northeast across the SE Gulf. As the upper trough over the Eastern U.S. departs & lifts out to the northeast, steering currents near Ian will weaken causing the hurricane to slow.... & even possibly meander some near or over the Southeast U.S. This part - later Thu. into Fri. into the weekend - of the forecast remains in a lot of flux. A cold front dipping into Fl. will stall between I-4 & Highway 16 (Central Fl.) & will focus the heaviest, most persistent rainfall along & north of the front... & may also help dictate a path for Ian after landfall.

(3) a tropical storm/typhoon has formed over the W. Pacific & will move due west to Asia. Perhaps of more importance is a tropical cyclone a few days ago that turned rather sharply to the northeast & moved near & east of Japan & has since become a post-tropical low. A new tropical cyclone taking shape east of Japan will follow a similar path turning sharply northeast to the east of Japan. A teleconnection implies the sharper turn north/northeast for Ian. (W. Pacific track map at the bottom). The trough off the east coast of China essentially mirrors the trough near/off the east coast of the U.S. with strong low pressure to the east (Fiona over the Atlantic) followed by another trough to the east.

Movement summary:

Ian will at least stay far away from recently hard hit Puerto Rico & Dominican Republic. The time table - *for right now* is moving away from Cuba through the day Tue... over the SE Gulf of Mexico into Wed. followed by a hit on Florida’s west/southwest coast anywhere from late Wed. to early Thu. - timing is subject to change, of course! The path & strength of Ian remains questionable, especially near & after landfall. There will be changes, stay up to date!

NHC interactive inundation forecast * here *

Spaghetti plots includes ensembles of the models:

If Ian’s forecast track continues to trend west, the rainfall forecast should decrease - at least some:

Key West radar imagery:

Tampa radar imagery:

Integrated Microwave Imager, CIMSS:

Deep oceanic heat content is impressive across the Caribbean - lots of warm water well below the surface of the ocean:

Strong shear over the far Eastern Caribbean weakens a great deal more to the north & west:

Radar imagery from S. Fl. Water Management District:

The upper level forecast for Wed. shows the trough of low pressure moving into the Northeast U.S. helping to tug Ian northward. The trough will lift out to the east by Fri. leaving behind weaker steering currents causing Ian to slow its forward speed:

Elsewhere....

The last NHC advisories on Fiona, Hermine & Gaston have been issued.

A tropical wave is moving from the Eastern to Central Atlantic. Some development is possible as the wave turns more north staying far out to sea.... another wave is coming off the coast of Africa at a lower latitude & might have some long term potential.

Water vapor loop shows plenty of mid & upper level moisture (white & green areas) across a good part of the Atlantic Basin:

September origins:

Averages below based on climatology for the Atlantic Basin through September. This season so far is well below avg.:

Wind shear:

Saharan dust spreads west each year from Africa by the prevailing winds (from east to west over the Atlantic). Dry air - yellow/orange/red/pink. Widespread dust is indicative of dry air that can impede the development of tropical cyclones. However, sometimes “wanna’ be” waves will just wait until they get to the other side of - or away from - the plume then try to develop if other conditions are favorable. In my personal opinion, way too much is made about the presence of Saharan dust & how it relates to tropical cyclones. In any case, we’ve had several large dust plumes spread west to the Caribbean & Gulf with the peak of Saharan dust typically in June & July.

2022 names..... “Julia” is the next name on the Atlantic list (names are picked at random by the World Meteorological Organization... repeat every 6 years). Historic storms are retired [Florence & Michael in ’18... Dorian in ’19 & Laura, Eta & Iota in ‘20 & Ida in ‘21]). In fact, this year’s list of names is rather infamous with “Charley”, “Frances”, “Jeanne” & “Ivan” retired from the ‘04 list (all hit Fl.) & “Matthew” was retired in 2016. The WMO decided - beginning last year - that the Greek alphabet will be no longer used & instead there will be a supplemental list of names if the first list is exhausted (has only happened three times - 2005, 2020 & 2021). The naming of tropical cyclones began on a consistent basis in 1953. More on the history of naming tropical cyclones * here *.